{"id":7444,"date":"2026-09-09T11:27:10","date_gmt":"2026-09-09T09:27:10","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/espaciocajal.com\/chapter-10\/"},"modified":"2026-10-05T14:24:20","modified_gmt":"2026-10-05T12:24:20","slug":"chapter-10","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/espaciocajal.com\/en\/chapter-10\/","title":{"rendered":"Chapter 10"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"7444\" class=\"elementor elementor-7444 elementor-6995\" data-elementor-post-type=\"page\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c06554e e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"c06554e\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;gradient&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-381bf8a e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"381bf8a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c68f3b7 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"c68f3b7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">CHAPTER 10<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-762a9db e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"762a9db\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2cc8786 elementor-invisible elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"2cc8786\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_animation&quot;:&quot;fadeInDown&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h1 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">The Cajal of the 21st Century<\/h1>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c6c982c contenedor-texto e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"c6c982c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;video&quot;,&quot;background_video_link&quot;:&quot;https:\\\/\\\/espaciocajal.com\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2026\\\/09\\\/cerebro2.mp4&quot;,&quot;background_play_on_mobile&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-background-video-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<video class=\"elementor-background-video-hosted\" role=\"presentation\" autoplay muted playsinline loop><\/video>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-43cae28 animated-slow elementor-invisible elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"43cae28\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_animation&quot;:&quot;fadeIn&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>We are in the midst of a biomedical revolution that will transform our understanding of life, health and disease. The brain is the next big challenge, and neurotechnologies&nbsp; are advancing thanks to international scientific collaboration and the development of artificial intelligence.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4450a73 contenedor-texto e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"4450a73\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b83f966 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"b83f966\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f2e1bef animated-slow elementor-invisible elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"f2e1bef\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_animation&quot;:&quot;fadeIn&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>These advances will make it possible to better understand the mind, decipher thought and develop new treatments for neurological and mental illnesses. However, they also pose important ethical challenges, as they could alter fundamental aspects of what it means to be human.<\/p>\n<p>For this reason, there is a need to promote new neuro-rights that protect human rights and ensure the responsible development of these technologies. This revolution has its roots in the pioneering work of Santiago Ram\u00f3n y Cajal, whose discoveries laid the foundations of modern neuroscience.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1a99bcc e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"1a99bcc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1d9fc63 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"1d9fc63\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-886b56e elementor-invisible elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"886b56e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_animation&quot;:&quot;fadeInDown&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">NEURO-RIGHTS<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ba9a35e e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"ba9a35e\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ed07202 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"ed07202\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-221d8d1 elementor-invisible elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"221d8d1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_animation&quot;:&quot;fadeInDown&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">01. Mental privacy<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8d97ca6 animated-slow elementor-invisible elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"8d97ca6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_animation&quot;:&quot;fadeIn&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Any neurodata obtained by measuring neural activity should remain private. If stored, there should be a right to have it deleted at the subject&#8217;s request. The sale, commercial transfer and use of neural data should be strictly regulated.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a6f120f e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"a6f120f\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6a95239 elementor-invisible elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"6a95239\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_animation&quot;:&quot;fadeIn&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" width=\"98\" height=\"75\" src=\"https:\/\/espaciocajal.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/1_privacidad_mental.svg\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-7222\" alt=\"\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6a5a619 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"6a5a619\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6375c72 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"6375c72\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c5bf727 elementor-invisible elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"c5bf727\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_animation&quot;:&quot;fadeInDown&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">02. Personal identity<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f367e7d animated-slow elementor-invisible elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"f367e7d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_animation&quot;:&quot;fadeIn&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>We need to set boundaries to prevent technology from undermining our sense of identity. When neurotechnology connects individuals to digital networks, it could blur the line between a person\u2019s consciousness and external technological inputs.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-54e4fd0 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"54e4fd0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-fb9e32c elementor-invisible elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"fb9e32c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_animation&quot;:&quot;fadeIn&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" width=\"75\" height=\"82\" src=\"https:\/\/espaciocajal.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/2_identidad_personal.svg\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-7223\" alt=\"\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d55a580 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"d55a580\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-08be370 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"08be370\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3305786 elementor-invisible elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"3305786\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_animation&quot;:&quot;fadeInDown&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">03. Free will<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bef681a animated-slow elementor-invisible elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"bef681a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_animation&quot;:&quot;fadeIn&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>People should have complete control over their decision-making, free from any covert manipulation by external neurotechnologies.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d298e3b e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"d298e3b\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e9658cc elementor-invisible elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"e9658cc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_animation&quot;:&quot;fadeIn&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" width=\"114\" height=\"85\" src=\"https:\/\/espaciocajal.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/3_libre_albedrio.svg\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-7224\" alt=\"\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7f29727 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"7f29727\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-284b4ac e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"284b4ac\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5f9c2c9 elementor-invisible elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"5f9c2c9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_animation&quot;:&quot;fadeInDown&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">04. Equitable access<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8f1bbb7 animated-slow elementor-invisible elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"8f1bbb7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_animation&quot;:&quot;fadeIn&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Guidelines should be established at the international and national levels to regulate the use of neurotechnologies for cognitive enhancement. These guidelines should be based on the principle of fairness and ensure equal access.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-02a0959 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"02a0959\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-af4553f elementor-invisible elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"af4553f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_animation&quot;:&quot;fadeIn&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"110\" height=\"82\" src=\"https:\/\/espaciocajal.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/4_acceso_equitativo.svg\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-7225\" alt=\"\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6d0ea4b e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"6d0ea4b\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d0ec1ce e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"d0ec1ce\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-03f4c01 elementor-invisible elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"03f4c01\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_animation&quot;:&quot;fadeInDown&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">05. Protection against bias<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c7a8d67 animated-slow elementor-invisible elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"c7a8d67\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_animation&quot;:&quot;fadeIn&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Measures to combat bias should be the norm for algorithms in neurotechnology. Algorithm design should incorporate input from user groups to fundamentally address bias.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c5b4071 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"c5b4071\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5081562 elementor-invisible elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"5081562\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_animation&quot;:&quot;fadeIn&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"72\" height=\"94\" src=\"https:\/\/espaciocajal.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/5_proteccion_contra_sesgos.svg\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-7226\" alt=\"\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-694541c e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"694541c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;gradient&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>CHAPTER 10 The Cajal of the 21st Century We are in the midst of a biomedical revolution that will transform our understanding of life, health and disease. The brain is the next big challenge, and neurotechnologies&nbsp; are advancing thanks to international scientific collaboration and the development of artificial intelligence. These advances will make it possible [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"footnotes":""},"cabecera":[17],"class_list":["post-7444","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry","cabecera-visual"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/espaciocajal.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/7444","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/espaciocajal.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/espaciocajal.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/espaciocajal.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/espaciocajal.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=7444"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/espaciocajal.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/7444\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":7445,"href":"https:\/\/espaciocajal.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/7444\/revisions\/7445"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/espaciocajal.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=7444"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"cabecera","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/espaciocajal.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/cabecera?post=7444"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}